Interesting Facts About Sexually Addictive.
The Three Levels in behaviour of Sexually Addictive.
Sexually Addictive Behavior “Severity Levels”
The standard set of categories currently in use to describe
sexually addictive behavior according to three levels of severity is not wrong,
but it has limitations. And I would argue that it can be misleading to sex
addicts in treatment in a number of ways.
Here is the level system as described by Patrick Carnes in
Out of the Shadows:
Level
One:
1. Masturbation
2. Affairs, chronic infidelity, romance addiction
3. Sexual relationships with multiple partners
4. Pornography use and collection (with or without
masturbation)
5. Phone sex, cybersex
6. Anonymous sex
7. Prostitution – strip clubs
Level
Two:
1. Illegal prostitution
2. Public sex (bathrooms, parks, etc.)
3. Voyeurism – online or live
4. Exhibitionism
5. Obscene phone calls
6. Frotteurism
7. Stalking behaviors
8. Sexual harassment
Level
Three:
1. Rape
2. Child molestation
3. Obtaining and viewing child pornography
4. Obtaining and viewing rape, snuff pornography
5. Sexual abuse of older or dependent persons
6. Incest
7. Professional boundary violations (clergy, police
officers, teachers, physicians, attorneys, etc.)
Levels
relate to social norms and legal consequences
According to Carnes, level one behavior creates few real
social consequences. The behaviors are
seen as “victimless”. Level two behaviors are described by Carnes as relatively
minor, and seen by society as pathetic.
But they nevertheless have a “victim.”
They are all intrusive in some way and violate social norms. They can be legally prosecuted. Level three behaviors violate significant
boundaries and usually involve serious law violations.
This system has the advantage of illustrating that it’s not
the specific behavior that makes something a sexual addiction or not. The continuum being described is merely one
of how the specific addictive behaviors are viewed by society and the legal
system.
Problems
with the relative severity of the behaviors
1. This system doesn’t take into account aspects of how the
behavior is done. A behavior may be part
of a pattern of sexual addiction and yet be carried out intermittently, as when
an addict feels compelled to prostitutes while on out of town trips or when he
is be unable to stop having extramarital affairs. The behavior may be just as addictive even
though it is not continuous.
2. The reverse can also be true. A person can commit what would be categorized
as a level three behavior such as exposing himself, but not be an
exhibitionist. I have a client who has
had two incidences of “indecent exposure” when drunk and in the company of
prostitutes. These two incidents were
separated by 10 years. His major
behaviors were all “level one” behaviors and he does not seem to qualify as an
exhibitionist. In many cases the more
serious behaviors do not indicate that the person has moved into level three
but rather that they are in a period of heavy addictive acting out in which
there is an uncharacteristic transgression.
3. Many sexually addictive behaviors exist in combination
with other addictions in various kinds of “addiction interaction.” I have seen addicts whose sexually compulsive
behavior such as anonymous sex or sex with prostitutes, was always paired with
illegal drug use and some where it was combined with drug use, alcohol use,
gambling and other risky behaviors. But
these addicts may still be level one in terms of strictly their sexual
behavior.
4. The system encourages sex addicts to evaluate their
behavior largely in terms of these legal/social factors. Thus addicts can tend to give themselves a
pass when they compare themselves to other addicts whose behavior is of a
higher level. They may feel “at least
I’m not as bad as __” even thought they may be acting out their addiction to a
more extreme degree in other ways.
Problems
with “social consequences” as a basis of the categories
The levels of severity can also be misleading in that they
are constructed according to how damaging they are to society or to a
particular victim, with the most violent and intrusive acts being the most
“severe”.
But this does not necessarily describe what acts are most
destructive for the addict or those around him.
1. The obsession with internet pornography and masturbation
may not be damaging to society or to other people but it can be devastating to
the addict. Even addicts who commit
intrusive acts like sexual harassment, may suffer less personally than a more
severely affected porn addict or an addict who spends his entire paycheck in
strip clubs.
2. Likewise the severity levels don’t take into account the
impairment in functioning caused by the addictive behavior. Someone may go to prostitutes but suffer way
fewer damaging consequences than someone who gets caught with online
pornography at work.
3. Severity can also relate to the damaging affects on those
close to the addict. A lifelong history
of extramarital affairs is not categorized as very severe, but post-disclosure
the damage to the spouse can be extreme.
This may also include sexually transmitted diseases, divorce and trauma
to the children of the addict in the process.
Ultimately perhaps we need another yardstick or set of
yardsticks to depict the severity of the sexually addictive behavior. As therapists we need to talk about the
affects on the addict, their partner and family and on future generations.
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